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Is Not a Civil Right
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FAMILY RESEARCH COUNCIL
Washington, DC
tok
w. Homosexuality
Thank you for choosing this
r' resource. Our pamphlets are Is Not a Civil Right
designed for grassroots activ- ay PETER SPRIGG
ists and concerned citizens—in
other words,people who want Early in 2004,San Francisco mayor Gavin Newsom
to make a difference in their families,in their corn-
began giving out marriage licenses—illegally—to
munities,and in their culture. same-sex couples. One of the homosexuals who
traveled to San Francisco in search of a marriage
Recent history has clearly shown the influence that license explained his rationale succinctly: "I am
the"Values Voter"can have in the political process. tired of sitting at the back of the bus."1
FRC is committed to enabling and motivating indi-
viduals to bring about even more positive change The allusion, of course, was to the famous story
in our nation and around the world. I invite you of Rosa Parks. Parks is the African-American
to use this pamphlet as a resource for educating woman who, one day in 1955, boarded a racially
yourself and others about some of the most press- segregated city bus in Montgomery,Alabama, sat
ing issues of our day. down near the front,and refused the driver's order
to"move to the back of the bus."Parks'act of civil
disobedience violated one of the "Jim Crow" laws
FRC has a wide range of papers and publica- that enforced racial segregation in various public
tions.To learn more about other FRC publications services and accommodations in some states.
and to find out more about our work, visit our
website at www.frc.org or call 1-800-225-4008. Parks'arrest for her courageous defiance sparked the
I look forward to working with you as we Montgomery bus boycott,led by a young minister
bring about a society that respects life and pro- named Martin Luther King,Jr.,which is generally
viewed as the beginning of the great civil rights
tests marriage. movement of the 1950s and 1960s. It culminated
legislatively in the passage of the Civil Rights Act of
1964,banning racial discrimination in employment,
% housing,and public accommodations.
President The stories of Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King,
Family Research Council Jr. have become an inspiring part of American
PETER SPRIGG is vice president for policy at the Family
Research Council in Washington, D.C.This essay is adapted
SUGGESTED DONATION:51.50 from his book Outrage:How Gay Activists and Liberal Judges Are
0 1007 FAMILY RESEARCH COUNCIL
Trashing Democracy to Redefine Marriage (Washington, D.C:
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES Regnery Publishing,Inc.,2004).
4
b
,1/4.......1(2.01--, 1
history.It's not surprising that homosexual activists ,"" . �-„..6
have tried to hitch their caboose to the"civil rights" fit `' � f
train.They do this in the context of efforts to change i:.~ '-".- : .G J the definition of marriage in order to allow same -*,_ ` .� l
sex"marriages"(by comparing same-sex"marriage" '-.`, `
to interracial marriage) and efforts to pass "hate .:� ,c',-+..., , "ter,,,—. ),
crime" laws (which stigmatize opposition to 4$`':_,,-.i.Li` :,�. :,. ,.»■homosexual behavior as a form of"hate"comparable °.. a, . ;-� „‘,..,,,...c.,':'..,> -�.:-,_-� -„..
to racism).The arguments in this essay are relevant
..:-.‘,..„:74„ ....- -,
„,-2:‘,.....c.,-..... ..,,,,„' .; -.`w-,, "^
to those debates,but focus particularly on laws that
would ban employment "discrimination” on the
basis of"sexual orientation” (such as the federal When homosexual activists talk about their
Employment Non-Discrimination Act, which is "civil rights," they are not talking about their
regularly introduced each Congress). constitutional rights, which have never been
systematically denied to them as a class(unlike the
This essay is not a legal treatise,but an exploration historical experience of black Americans).Instead,
of the philosophical justification for including they are talking about"civil rights"in the sense that
various characteristics as categories of protection the term was used in the Civil Rights Act of 1964,
under historic civil rights laws—and why "sexual which laid down five protected categories in which
orientation"simply does not compare with them. it was illegal for an employer or banker or hotelier,
and others,to practice discrimination("race,color,
religion,sex,or national origin").Many states now
Defining Terms: have similar laws as well.
What Are "Civil Rights," Anyway? The true "constitutional" rights cited above place
a restriction on the actions of governments in
The dictionary defines civil rights as "rights
belonging to a person by virtue of his status as a carrying out the law. And when a constitutional
citizen or as a member of civil society."2 The Bill of right is extended to a group previously deprived of
Rights in the United States Constitution guarantees it, no one else suffers any reduction in their rights
every American the right to freedom of religion, as a result. For example, when the right to vote
speech, and the press, as well as "due process of was extended to blacks and then to women, this
did nothing to limit the right of whites or of men
law," and gives protections against unreasonable
search and seizure, "double jeopardy" (being tried to vote.
twice for the same crime),and self-incrimination. Civil rights laws that bar employment
These are true "civil" rights, in that they belong discrimination, however, place a restriction upon
to a person (every person) "as a citizen or as a the action of private entities(such as corporations)
member of civil society." But please note well— in carrying out their private business. This is why
homosexuals have never been denied any of these Congress rested its authority to pass the Civil
rights,nor is anyone proposing to deny such rights Rights Act not on the Constitution's guarantee of
to homosexuals in the future. the"equal protection of the laws,"3 but on its power
to regulate interstate commerce.4 When such a
"right" is extended (for the individual to be free
2 3
from"discrimination"in employment),it infringes granting legal protection against "discrimination"
upon what would otherwise be the customary right is strongest when based on a personal characteristic
of the employer to determine the qualifications that is:
for employment. The extension of historic
constitutional rights is a "win-win" situation, • Inborn, involuntary, and immutable (like race
but the extension of laws against employment and color);
discrimination is more of a "zero-sum" game— • Innocuous (because it does no harm to the
when one (such as the employment applicant) employer, to the individual, or to society as a
wins more protection, another (the employer) whole);and/or
actually loses a corresponding measure of freedom.
It is because of this that lawmakers should be • In the Constitution.
exceedingly cautious, rather than generous, about
expanding the categories of protection against Is "sexual orientation," like race and sex, a
private employment discrimination. characteristic that is inborn, involuntary,
immutable,innocuous,and in the Constitution?Is
Because of our national shame at the historic it, like religion (which is not inborn, involuntary,
legacy of racial discrimination against blacks,many immutable, or necessarily innocuous, but is in the
people have come to think of"discrimination" as Constitution),a characteristic that meets even one
inherently evil. However, the basic meaning of of these criteria?
"discriminate" is simply "to make a distinction."5
To compare and evaluate candidates based on their The only truthful answer is no.
education,experience,intelligence,and competence
is inherently "discrimination." The question,
therefore,is otwhether"discrimination"will take Is Homosexuality Inborn?
place—it can,it will and it must.The question for The notion that"people are born gay"is nothing less
public policy is:which forms of"discrimination"are than the "Big Lie" of the homosexual movement.
so profoundly offensive to the national conscience The widespread—and erroneous—belief that there
that they justify government action that interferes is a"gay gene"can largely be traced to the publicity
with the rights of employers and other private surrounding three scientific studies in the early
entities and gives special protections to certain 1990s. One studied brains, one studied twins, and
classes of people? one studied genes.
In the Civil Rights Act of 1964,Congress answered
that question by including only five categories of
protection.As noted above, those categories were: .4,' 00 N0 110 co'"°"z101/%1'
.1e r.Y.»wuxw .'I 3 nr TIC°S 115 5/1
"race, color, religion, sex, or national origin."6 For • ,.03//1110
instance, a banker could deny an applicant a loan ® "'°"
because the applicant was not credit-worthy, but
not because he or she was Jewish or black.What do ,. � k
these protected categories have in common?
While there is no definitive legal answer,the most • •
logical answer would seem to be that the case for
I
4
The Brain Study The Twins Study
In 1991, following the death of his homosexual The twins study was conducted byJ.Michael Bailey
lover from AIDS,researcher Simon LeVay decided and Richard C. Pillard. Bailey and Pillard sought
to search the brains of cadavers(of six women and to identify homosexuals who had an identical twin.
thirty-five men) to find a physical determinant Among the study's subjects, they found that when
for homosexuality.' He examined the size of a one identical twin was homosexual, 52 percent of
particular brain structure known as INAH3,which the time his identical twin was homosexual as well.
has been linked to sexual behavior in animals, and They took this as confirmation of the theory of a
reported that INAH3 was larger in heterosexual genetic component in homosexuality.12
men than in heterosexual women,but also larger in
heterosexual men than in homosexual men. This This study also has problems, is contradicted by
result, LeVay concluded, "suggests that sexual other studies, and falls down on its own evidence.
orientation has a biological substrate."8 Remember, identical twins have an identical
genetic make-up. Therefore, a study showing that
There are numerous problems with this 52 percent of the identical twins of homosexuals
interpretation. For example, six of the sixteen are also homosexual proves only one thing—that
supposedly "heterosexual" male subjects had died at least 48 percent of the time homosexuality is not
of AIDS—an extraordinarily large percentage in genetically determined.
comparison to the general heterosexual population.
As one analyst put it, because of this unlikely Similar twin studies, however, have not found
circumstance"it seems quite possible that LeVay. a concordance rate for homosexuality that is
. . classified some homosexuals as heterosexuals."9 anywhere near as high as 50 percent. For example,
a more recent study of twins in Minnesota
Other problems included the significant overlap found "no significant genetic effects" on sexual
in the overall range of INAH3 sizes between the orientation among males and some effect among
"homosexual" and "heterosexual" groups and the females, but reached the overall conclusion that
possibility that the observed effect was a result of "Environmental effects were...more important in
AIDS (which caused the death of all of LeVay's the aggregate than genetic effects."13 A 2002 study
"homosexual"subjects).10 in The American Journal of Sociology, using a large,
population-based sample, found a concordance
A 1993 critique in the Archives of General Psychiatry rate for same-sex attraction of only 6.7% among
concluded that this and two other studies of brain identical twins.14
structures remain "as yet uncorroborated" and
noted that even if such studies are replicated, "we Bailey and Pillard also made no effort to control
will not know whether the anatomic correlates are for environment in the development of the
a cause or a consequence of sexual orientation."11 twins. The twins studied were raised in the same
home, and given that they were identical in age,
appearance, and natural talents and dispositions,
iP
. ., iftJ!
it is not surprising that their environment and This supposed discovery of a "gay gene" made
experiences (including ones that might influence headlines. Hamer's numerous caveats were less
the development of homosexuality) would be widely reported.Hamer reported that"the observed
more similar than those of other siblings. An rates of homosexual orientation...were lower than
analysis in the Archives of General Psychiatry noted would be expected for a simple Mendelian [i.e.,
that this could mean that "any difference in the directly inherited] trait."17 He also admitted that
true concordance rates would be attributable to not all cases of homosexuality could be explained
environmental rather than genetic factors."15 by this gene marker,18 and that no condusion could
be drawn as to what percentage of homosexuality
The Gen,e Stud might have a genetic link." Finally, Hamer said
Y there was a need to identify "environmental,
"gay experiential, or cultural factors . . . that influence
Only one of the three most famous gay gene „20
studies actually looked directly at genes. This was the development of male sexual orientation.
the 1993 study by Dean Hamer, a geneticist with Even with those qualifying remarks, however,
Hamer's finding remains suspect for one key
reason—other scientists have been unable to
replicate it. One team of researchers, who tried
but failed to confirm Hamer's findings, declared
in the journal Science in 1999 that their "results
do not support an X-linked gene underlying male
,� homosexuality."21
k
` Two scientists who reviewed the data regarding
,, t biological or genetic theories on the origin of
homosexuality concluded that "the appeal of
current biologic explanations for sexual orientation
may derive more from dissatisfaction with the
present status of psychosocial explanations than
from a substantiating body of experimental data.
the National Cancer Institute.Studying patterns of Critical review shows the evidence favoring a
male homosexuality in extended families,he found biologic theory to be lacking."22
a correlation between the existence of homosexual
brothers and homosexuality among maternal uncles In other words, the scientific evidence is that
and other male relatives on the maternal side. homosexuality is not inborn.
From this, he theorized the existence of a gene
influencing the development of homosexuality Is Homosexuality Involuntary?
that is transmitted through the maternal line (that
is,on the X chromosome,which men inherit from There are three aspects to "sexual orientation":
their mothers).Hamer then examined DNA from attraction,behavior,and self-identification.
these related men, and claimed to have found "a
gene that contributes to homosexual orientation in Attractions are indeed "involuntary." But people
males"at a location called Xg28.16 do choose, and can be held responsible for, what
8 9
overt sexual behaviors they actually engage in. such surgery does not change the sexual identity
A heterosexual married man might feel sexually inscribed in a person's chromosomes. There are,
attracted to a woman who is not his wife,but if he however,thousands of former homosexuals.
acts on that attraction,he is rightly condemned for
an act of adultery.The fact that his sexual attraction
was"involuntary"is no excuse for failing to control
his actual behavior.
Homosexuals complain,however,that in effect they
are being asked to refrain from sex altogether.Yet
this argument only makes sense if"homosexuals"
are utterly incapable of engaging in heterosexual
relationships—a contention not borne out by the
research. According to the 1994 National Health
and Social Life Survey, the most comprehensive `
moonational survey of sexuality ever conducted, 2.8
percent of American adult men and 1.4 percent
of American adult women identify themselves as
homosexuals 23 But the same survey showed that The strongest scientific evidence of this was
only 0.6 percent of men and 0.2 percent of women provided by one of the most unlikely sources.
report having had only same-sex sexual experiences Robert L. Spitzer is a psychiatrist who was
since puberty.24 In other words, about 80 percent instrumental in pushing for the controversial 1973
of self-identified "homosexuals" have engaged in decision of the American Psychiatric Association
heterosexual relationships. to remove homosexuality from its list of mental
disorders.That event was a crucial early victory for
So homosexual attractions might indeed be homosexual activists.
involuntary,but such attractions are psychological,
invisible, and secret, and therefore essentially Nevertheless, Dr. Spitzer had the intellectual
irrelevant to public policy. Homosexual behavior honesty to accept a challenge to study the
(and the desire of homosexual activists to have results of what is called "reparative therapy" for
official governmental affirmation of such behavior) homosexuality. Reparative therapy is a mental
is what is really relevant to the debate over health treatment designed to reduce unwanted
protecting homosexuals under "civil rights" laws. homosexual attractions and behavior.
Such behavior is clearly voluntary, and thus the
criterion (for civil rights protection) of being an Dr. Spitzer studied 200 people who had reported
"involuntary"characteristic does not apply. some measure of change from a homosexual to
a heterosexual orientation. He published his
conclusions in 2003:
Is Homosexuality Immutable?
This study indicates that some gay men and
There is no such thing as a former black person,nor, lesbians, following reparative therapy, report
despite sex-change surgery, is there such a thing that they have made major changes from a
as a former woman or a former man, since even predominantly homosexual orientation to a
10 H
predominantly heterosexual orientation. The Homosexual Promiscuity
changes following reparative therapy were not
limited to sexual behavior and sexual orientation Studies indicate that the average male homosexual
self-identity. The changes encompassed sexual has hundreds of sex partners in his lifetime.
attraction, arousal, fantasy, yearning, and
•
being bothered by homosexual feelings. The A.P.Bell and M.S.Weinberg,in a classic study
changes encompassed the core aspects of sexual of homosexuality,found that 43 percent of white
orientation.' male homosexuals had sex with 500 or more
partners,with 28 percent having 1,000 or more
Spitzer also notes that a survey of the literature in sex partners.2S
2001 by another researcher found at least 19 studies
that include tangible data suggesting a homosexual ▪ In a study of the sexual profiles of 2,583 older
orientation can be changed.26 homosexual men published in the Journal of Sex
Research, Paul Van de Ven and others found
that "the modal range for number of sexual
Is Homosexuality Innocuous? partners ever [of homosexual men] was 101-
500." In addition, 10.2 percent to 15.7 percent
One of the main reasons why discrimination based had between 501 and 1,000 partners. A further
on race is so widely condemned is because virtually 10.2 percent to 15.7 percent reported having had
everyone agrees that the mere color of a person's more than 1,000 lifetime sexual partners.29
skin,in and of itself,cannot rationally be viewed as
posing a threat to society.While males and females Startlingly, lesbians have higher rates of
are clearly different, they are equal in essential promiscuity—with men—than do heterosexual
value,and the existence of both is necessary for the women.
survival of society. But can one say the same about
homosexuality? • The journal Sexually Transmitted Infections
found that "the median number of lifetime
Some advocates of"gay rights" openly claim, as male sexual partners was significantly greater for
writer Andrew Sullivan has, that "homosexuality WSW(women who have sex with women)than
. . . is a moral good."27 But there is considerable controls(twelve partners versus six).WSW were
evidence that homosexuality causes tangible harms significantly more likely to report more than fifty
and imposes significant costs on the individuals lifetime male sexual partners."30
who practice it and on society.
In fact, homosexual behavior is associated with
higher rates of
• promiscuity
• sexually transmitted diseases
• mental illness
• substance abuse
• domestic violence;and
• child sexual abuse.
Let's look at each of these in turn.
12
Sexually Transmitted Diseases men,"and"gay men use tobacco at much higher
rates than straight men."36
• Sixty-two percent of the cumulative total of
reported AIDS cases among males in the United • The GLMA also reports that "illicit drugs
States have been in men who have sex with men,31 may be used more often among lesbians than
even though only 5.3 percent of American men
have had sex with another man even once since
age 18.32
• Even the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association
acknowledges, "Sexually transmitted diseases
(STDs)occur in sexually active gay men at a high
rate."Their website notes that these include STD
infections "for which no cure is available (HIV,
Hepatitis A, B, or C virus, Human Papilloma
Virus,etc.).n33
•
-
• Sexually Transmitted Infections also reported "a
higher prevalence of BV (bacterial vaginosis),
hepatitis C, and HIV risk behaviors in WSW
[women who have sex with women]as compared
with controls [women who have sex with heterosexual women;"that"tobacco and smoking
men]. products maybe used more often by lesbians than
by heterosexual women"; and that alcohol "use
Mental Illness and abuse may be higher among lesbians."37
• A 1999 study in the Archives of General Psychiatry
found that gay,lesbian,or bisexual young people Domestic Violence
were at increased risk for major depression,
generalized anxiety disorder, conduct disorder, A 1994 study in the Journal of Interpersonal
multiple disorders, suicidal ideation, and suicide Violence examined conflict and violence in
attempts." lesbian relationships.The researchers found that
90 percent of the lesbians surveyed had been
recipients of one or more acts ofverbal aggression
Substance Abuse from their intimate partners during the year prior
to this study, with 31 percent reporting one or
• The Gay and Lesbian Medical Association more incidents of physical abuse.36
(GLMA) says, "Gay men use substances at a
higher rate than the general population,and not • In their book Men Who Beat the Men Who Love
just in larger communities such as New York, Them, authors Island and Letellier estimate that
San Francisco, and Los Angeles."They add that "the incidence of domestic violence among gay
evidence suggests that"gay men have higher rates men is nearly double that in the heterosexual
of alcohol dependence and abuse than straight population."39
14 15
Child Sexual Abuse Is Homosexuality in the
• Pedophiles are invariably males:A report by the Constitution?
American Professional Society on the Abuse When deciding to extend"civil rights"protections
of Children states: "In both clinical and non-
clinical samples, the vast majority of offenders of the type described in this essay,legislators are not
are male."
clinical inherently limited to categories or characteristics
already mentioned in the Constitution. However,
_ the argument in favor of such special protections
r' is stronger for those categories that already play a
role in our nation's highest law. This is the case
I with regard to the five categories mentioned in the
^/ ```
; __ rrr Civil Rights Act of 1964:"race,color,religion,sex,
ty r
///' or national origin."
, r The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the
/ ', Constitution, adopted after the Civil War, were
�✓ , : designed to eliminate legal discrimination against
- blacks in the wake of over two centuries of slavery.
The 15th Amendment mentions race and color
;- explicitly,declaring that"the right to vote shall not
be denied or abridged. ..on account of race,color,
or previous condition of servitude."43 "National
• Significant numbers of victims are males:A study origin"would be comparable to"race" and"color"
in the Journal of Sex Research found that although
heterosexuals outnumber homosexuals by a ratio in this respect.
of at least 20 to 1, about one-third of the total The constitutional amendment process was
number of child sex offenses are homosexual in explicitly used in 1920 to give women the right
nature.41 to vote, which they had been denied for most
• Many pedophiles consider themselves to be of our nation's history. The 19d Amendment,
homosexual: Homosexual activists try to argue using language directly parallel to that of the 15`h
regarding race,declared that the right to vote"shall
that the sex of his child victims is irrelevant to an not be denied or abridged. . .on account of sex."'"
abuser's sexual orientation with respect to adults,
but a study of 229 convicted child molesters in Constitutional reference to religion can be found
Archives of Sexual Behavior found that "eighty- in the First Amendment, which guarantees
six percent of offenders against males described religious liberty by declaring,"Congress shall make
themselves as homosexual or bisexual."42
no law respecting an establishment of religion, or
There is nothing innocuous about these dangerous prohibiting the free exercise thereof."'"In addition,
behaviors that correlate with homosexual behavior the Constitution explicitly forbids the government
and the grave consequences that result from it. to discriminate on the basis of religion in filling
public offices,declaring that"no religious test shall
ever be required as a qualification to any office or
public trust under the United States."46
16 17
These explicit constitutional references to race, ENDNOTES
sex, and religion greatly strengthen the historical
argument for induding them in civil rights laws. 1 Cheryl Wetzstein,"Blacks angered by gays'metaphors,"
There is no reference to homosexuality or to"sexual The Washington Times (March 2, 2004): A3. Online.
Nexis.
orientation"in the U.S. Constitution.
2 The American Heritage Dictionary, s.v. "civil rights," p.
In fact, the historical record shows the founding 246.
fathers considered homosexual acts to be an
abominable crime.Just weeks after the Declaration 3 U.S.Constitution,Amendment XIV,Section 1.
of Independence,Thomas Jefferson wrote in a letter 4 U.S.Constitution,Article I Section 8.
that"buggery"(i.e.,homosexual sodomy)should be '
punished"by castration."While at Valley Forge in 5 Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 11`6 ed., s.v.
"discriminate" (Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster,
1778, General George Washington drummed out
of his army a soldier who had attempted to commit Inc.,2005),357-58.
sodomy with another, declaring his "abhorrence 6 Title WI,Civil Rights Act of 1964,PL 88-352
and detestation of such infamous crimes."47
7 Edward Stein, The Mismeasure of Desire (New York
Oxford University Press,1999),138.
Conclusion
8 Simon LeVay,"A Difference in Hypothalamic Structure
between Heterosexual and Homosexual Men," Science
In summary, homosexual behavior is not inborn,
involuntary, immutable, or innocuous, nor is it
253(August 1991):p.1034.
found in the Constitution.There is no compelling, 9 Stein,197.
logical basis for treating it as a protected category
under civil rights laws, or for granting special 10 LeVay,1035 36.
protection against "discrimination" based on 11 William Byne and Bruce Parsons, "Human Sexual
"sexual orientation." Orientation:The Biologic Theories Appraised,"Archives
of General Psychiatry 50(March 1993):229,235.
12 J. Michael Bailey and Richard C. Pillard, "A Genetic
Study of Male Sexual Orientation,"Archives of General
Psychiatry 48(December 1991):
13 Scott L.Hershberger,"A Twin Registry Study of Male
and Female Sexual Orientation," The Journal of Sex
Research 34(1997):212.
14 Peter S.Bearman and Hannah Bruckner,"Opposite-Sex
Twins and Adolescent Same-Sex Attraction,"American
Journal of Sociology 107(March 2002): 1197-99.
18 19
15 Byne and Parsons,235. 28 A. P.Bell and M. S.Weinberg,Homosexualities:A Study
of Diversity among Men and Women (New York: Simon
16 Dean I I. Hamer, Stella Hu, Victoria L. Magnuson, and Schuster,1978),pp.308,309;See also A. P.Bell,M.
Nan Hu,Angela M.L.Pattatucci,"A Linkage Between S.Weinberg,and S. K.Hammersmith,Sexual Preference
DNA Markers on the X Chromosome and Male Sexual (Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1981).
Orientation,"Science,261(July 1993):321.
17 Ibid.,p.322. 29 Paul Van de Ven,et al.,"A Comparative Demographic
and Sexual Profile of Older Homosexually Active Men,"
18 Ibid. Journal of Sex Research 34(1997):354.
19 Ibid.,p.325 30 Katherine Fethers, et al., "Sexually Transmitted
Infections and Risk Behaviors in Women Who have Sex
20 Ibid.,p.325-26. with Women,"Sexually Transmitted Infections 76(2000):
348.
21 Ibid.,p.665.
31 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,HIV/AIDS
22 Byne and Parsons,228. Surveillance Report, 2005 (revised June 2007); Vol. 17,
Table 17,p.36.
23 Robert T. Michael, John H. Gagnon, Edward O.
Laumann,and Gina Kolata,Sex in America:ADefinitive 32 Edward O. Laumann et al., The Social Organization of
Survey(Boston:Little,Brown and Co.,1994),pp.176- Sexuality:Sexual Practices in the United States(Chicago:
77. University of Chicago Press,1994):p.298.
24 Edward O. Laumann, John H. Gagnon, Robert T. 33 Vincent M. B. Silenzio,MD, "Ten Things Gay Men
Michael,and Stuart Michaels,The Social Organization of
Sexuality:Sexual Practices in the United States(Chicago: Should Discuss with their Health Care Providers:
The University of Chicago Press,1994),pp.311-12. Commentary," online at: http://www.ghna.org/news/
releases/n02071710gaythings.html(accessed November
25 Robert L. Spitzer, M.D., "Can Some Gay Men 4,2003).
and Lesbians Change their Sexual Orientation? 200
Participants Reporting a Change from Homosexual to 34 Fethers,et al.,345.
Heterosexual Orientation,"Archives of Sexual Behavior 35 D. Fergusson, et al., "Is Sexual Orientation Related
32(October 2003):413. to Mental Health Problems and Suicidality in Young
26 R. Goetze, Homosexuality and the possibility of change: People?" Archives of General Psychiatry 56 (October
An ongoing research project.Retrieved October 16,2002, 1999),p.876.
from http://www.newdirection.ca/research/index.html.
Cited in Spitzer,405. 36 Silenzio,op.cit.
37 Katherine A. O'Hanlan, MD, "Ten Things Lesbians
27 "The Ties That Divide: A Conversation on Gay Should Discuss with their Health Care Providers:
Marriage with Andrew Sullivan and Gerard Bradley" Commentary," online at: http://www.glma.org/news/
(Washington, DC: The Pew Forum on Religion & releases/n020717101esbianthings.html (accessed
Public Life),April 28,2004. November 4,2003).
20 2 1
38 Lettie L. Lockhart, et al., "Letting out the Secret:
Violence in Lesbian Relationships," Journal of
Interpersonal Violence 9(1994):469-492.
39 D. Island and P.Letellier,Men Who Beat the Men Who
Love Them: Battered Gay Men and Domestic Violence
(New York:Haworth Press,1991):p.14.
40 John Briere, et al., eds., The APSAC Handbook on
Child Maltreatment(Thousand Oaks, California: Sage
Publications,1996),pp.52,53.
41 Kurt Freund, Robin Watson, and Douglas Rienzo,
"Heterosexuality, Homosexuality, and Erotic Age
Preference," The Journal of Sex Research 26 (February,
1989):107.
42 W.D.Erickson,"Behavior Patterns of Child Molesters,"
Archives of Sexual Behavior 17(1988):83.
43 U.S.Constitution,Amendment XV,Section 1 (1870).
44 U.S.Constitution,Amendment XIX(1920).
45 U.S.Constitution,Amendment I.
46 U.S.Constitution,Article VI.
47 Cited in Michael P. Farris,Jordan W. Lorence,Joshua
W. Carden, Brief Amicus Curiae of the Center for
the Original Intent of the Constitution in Support of
Respondent,John Geddes Lawrence and Tyron Garner v.
The State of Texas,Supreme Court of the United States,
No.02-102(February 18,2003):8-11.
22
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES FROM
FAMILY RESEARCH COUNCIL
FAMILY RESEARCH COUNCIL
The Other Side of Tolerance
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The present age is characterized by a concern for
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beliefs and opinions-with one glaring exception.
Those who hold to traditional views about marriage
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" 0 ill 1 who hold to traditional values in public schools,
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si ° i I t increasingly being persecuted for expressing their
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10 Y `1 refusing to accept the radical homosexual agenda
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Homosexuality in Your Child's School
The Family Research Council champions marriage BCO6DO2
This pamphlet describes how pro-homosexual
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sounding"safe schools"programs(which treat
seedbed of virtue,and the wellspring of society. We traditional values as being equivalent to racism),to
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values human life and upholds the institutions of of those who dare to express disapproval of
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