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9-28-15 Handout - Chris Wadelton Resolution Requesting a Statewide Ban on Hydraulic Fracturing,Acid Fracturing and any form of Extreme Well Stimulation or Resource Extraction in Florida WHEREAS, extreme well stimulation such as hydraulic and acid fracturing(fracking and acidification)involves the use of chemicals and hazardous materials during construction, drilling,fracturing,gas production and delivery,well maintenance, and work over operations; and WHEREAS,fracturing of underground geologic formations is often accomplished by injecting a complex mix of fluids and chemicals,including large volumes of water,on average 4.5 million gallons per well,under very high pressure to create fractures in gas bearing geologic formations; and the water used is contaminated forever; and SOURCE: "A typical fracked well uses between 2 million and 8 million gallons of water"-Rachel Ehrenburg(Society for Science and the Public, Science News Vol.182 No,5.) WHEREAS, many of the chemical constituents injected during fracturing have documented adverse health effects and/or adverse environmental impacts,for example, 6o% of those chemicals can harm the brain and nervous system, 30% are suspected carcinogens, and 30% are developmental toxicants; and SOURCE:Twenty-five of these chemicals are listed as hazardous pollutants under the Clean Air Act, nine are regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act and 14 are known or possible human carcinogens,including naphthalene and benzene. Rachel Ehrenburg(Society for Science and the Public, Science News Vol. 182 No, 5.) "more than 75%of the chemicals were shown to possibly affect the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems as well as eyes,skin, and other sensory organs.Nearly half(40-50%) of the chemicals could affect the neurological,immune,cardiovascular,and renal systems. One- quarter of the chemicals were either known,probable,or possible carcinogens. For example, benzene is a known human carcinogen and acrylamide is a probable human carcinogen. Finally, 37% of the identified chemicals could have effects on the endocrine system." (Public Health and Hydraulic Fracturing in Michigan) WHEREAS, according to the Florida Department of Environmental Protection,the state's surface and ground water resources are intimately connected and support drinking water supplies, agriculture,industry,wildlife habitat and a thriving recreation-based economy; and SOURCE:http://www.dep.state.fl.us/water/ WHEREAS,there have been more than a 1,000 documented cases of water contamination near fracking sites; and SOURCE: "But more.than 1,000 other cases of contamination have been documented by courts and state and local governments in Colorado,New Mexico,Alabama, Ohio and Pennsylvania."http://www.propublica.org/article/buried-secrets-is-natural-gas- drilling-endangering-us-water-supplies-111; WHEREAS,the pollution of water caused by well stimulation and fracking threatens the long term economic well-being of communities, as businesses and consumers depend on clean drinking water; and SOURCE:One problem with the technique of horizontal drilling is that companies can drill under the property of well owners with or without their consent,leading to land rights disputes. Another issue involves the disposal of waste across state boundaries,creating land,water, noise, and air pollution, as well as the use of roads not equipped to handle so much vehicle and equipment traffic. It is especially difficult to hold out-of-state fracking companies accountable, according to Gasl.Additionally,there have been allegations that fracking has caused earthquakes in Arkansas, New Mexico, Ohio, Oklahoma,and Texas.The cause of the earthquakes has been associated with the reinjection of wastewater from fracking into the injection wells,rather than the actual fracking process itself(?) Fractured,Fragmented Federalism:A Study in Fracking Regulatory Policy Barbara Warner and Jennifer Shapiro Publius,Vol.43,No.3,The Annual Review of Federalism(Summer 2013),pp.474-496 WHEREAS,the oil and gas industry is not required by federal law to publicly disclose chemical formulas of well stimulation and fracturing fluids so that this information is publicly unavailable for health and safety purposes; and SOURCE: "the Halliburton loophole...stripped the Environmental Protection Agency of its authority to regulate a drilling process called hydraulic fracturing. Invented by Halliburton in the 194os,it involves injecting a mixture of water,sand and chemicals,some of them toxic, into underground rock formations to blast them open and release natural gas." http://www.nytimes.com/2oo9/11/o3/opinion/o3tue3.html? r=o "Notably,fracking is given many special exemptions from federal law that are not granted most other heavy industries.There are a number of reasons for this.First,because Congress exempted oil and gas waste from the regulation of hazardous waste under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act(RCRA) of 1976,fracking waste is also exempted from the definition of hazardous waste under RCRA(even though some toxic components of fracking would normally fall under RCRA's strict requirements). Second,fracking enjoys special exemption from disclosure requirements under the federal Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act.The act requires companies to submit annual Toxic Chemical Release Forms reporting their use of toxic chemicals to the U.S.Environmental ProtectionAgency(EPA). Fracking industries claim that some of the chemicals they use are proprietary and that their disclosure would harm their competitiveness.Third,neither the federal Clean Water Act(CWA)dealing with disposal issues,nor the,Hazardous Materials Transportation Act(HMTA) covering transport of hazardous chemicals,regulates key components of fracking.Finally fracking waste is,exempt from the Safe Drinking Water Act's (SDWA)underground injection-well requirements,which are designed to protect drinkingwater aquifers from potential contamination from the injection of liquid wastes into underground wells (the fracking process).As Spence(2010)notes,fracking wells clearly fall under the statute's definition of underground injection wells.Yet the Energy Policy Act(2005),as put forth by the George W.Bush Administration, contained a controversial provision,dubbed the "Halliburton Loophole,"that precluded the federal government from regulating fracking under major environmental laws,by modifying the definition of"underground injection"to exempt all chemicals used in frocking,except diesel fuel.The name"HalliburtonLoophole"derived from Vice President Cheney's prominent role in urging Congress to adopt this provision and Cheney's former position as the chief executive officer of Halliburton,a major energy company engaged in fracking." Fractured,Fragmented Federalism:A Study in Frocking Regulatory Policy Barbara Warner and Jennifer Shapiro Publius,Vol.43,No. 3,The Annual Review of Federalism(Summer,2013),PP.474-496 WHEREAS,the wise stewardship of our natural resources involves protection of Florida's water supplies and water resources for generations to come; and WHEREAS,protection of Florida's water supplies and resources is better accomplished by prevention of contamination and environmental degradation,rather than attempting to cleaning up contamination and restoring degraded environments after the fact; NOW,THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED,that on the day of 2015,the supports a statewide ban on hydraulic fracturing,acid fracturing and any form of extreme well stimulation and resource extraction; and AND BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the will send a letter to our state legislators and the Governor of the State of Florida calling for a ban on fracking and for them to introduce and/or support a legislative bill prohibiting all forms of extreme well stimulation and resource extraction, PASSED,APPROVED,AND EFFECTIVE on this day of , 2015. qua O L howarth-marino lab group database of articles (works heavily with Ingraffea at Cornell) Link: http://www.eeb.cornell.edu/howarth/pubs_al1.php Methane emissions from natural gas systems. 2012 National Climate Assessment, Reference # 2011-003, Office of Science & Technology Policy Assessment, Washington,DC. Venting and leaking of methane from shale gas development: response to Cathles et al. 2012 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology/ School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Methane and the greenhouse-gas footprint of natural gas from shale formations 2011 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology/ School of Civil and Environmental Engineering http://www.eeb.cornell.edu/howarth/publications/Howarth_et_al_,2012_National_Climate_Asses sment.pdf Carnegie Mellon database for Research done relating to fracking(includes studies conducted by non-university entities as well as universities) link: http://rpstrauss.pairserver.com/marcellusshale/sourcesbycategory.html Following list includes only studies conducted by Universities Categories of Study -Social Impacts Impact on Housing in Pennsylvania as a Result of Marcellus Shale 2011 Institute for Public Policy and Economic Development at Wilkes University Potential Social Impacts of Shale Gas Development in North Carolina. The 2012 Duke University, Sanford School of Public Policy Baseline Socioeconomic Analysis for the Marcellus Shale Development in Pennsylvania 2010 Wilkes University, The Institute for Public Policy and Economic Development Hancock and the Marcellus Shale: Visioning the Impacts of Natural Gas Extraction Along the Upper Delaware 2009 Columbia University Design Lab The Environmental. Social. and Economic Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing. Horizontal Drilling, and Acidization in California 2014 Claremont McKenna College School of Environment, Economics, and Politics Wastewater Generation and Disposal from Natural Gas Wells in Pennsylvania 2012. Duke University -Economic Impacts Economic ❑Impacts oof oMarcelluso Shale ❑in oPennsylvania:oo Employment❑and ❑Income❑ in ❑2009. Marcelluso Shale ❑Education o& ❑Training oCenter at Penn State, 2011. Economic Consequences of Marcellus Shale Gas Extraction: Key Issues, The 2011 Cornell University Department of City and Regional Planning Baseline Socioeconomic Analysis for the Marcellus Shale Development in Pennsylvania 2010 Wilkes University, The Institute for Public Policy and Economic Development Hancock and the Marcellus Shale: Visioning the Impacts of Natural Gas Extraction Along the Upper Delaware 2009 Columbia University Design Lab Marcellus Shale and Local Collection of State Taxes: What the 2011 Pennsylvania Tax Data Say 2012 Pennsylvania State University, Center for Economic and Community Development Total Organic Carbon Variability in The Utica Shale of Northwest Ohio 2012 Ohio State University School of Earth Sciences Economic Viability of Shale Gas Production in the Marcellus Shale: Indicated by Production Rates. Costs and Current Natural Gas Prices 2012 Michigan Technical University Making Shale Development Work for Ohio 2012 Ohio State University Swank Program in Rural Urban Policy Real Property Tax Base, Market Values. and Marcellus Shale: 2007 to 2009 2012 Pennsylvania State University Center for Economic and Community Development A Review of Changes in Selected Economic &Demographic Indicators in Particular Counties in the Barnett. Fayetteville and Marcellus Shale Play: An Update to the Institute's 2008 Economic Impact Report on the 10th Congressional District 2012 Wilkes University, The Institute for Public Policy and Economic Development The Environmental, Social, and Economic Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing, Horizontal Drilling, and Acidization in California 2014 Claremont McKenna College School of Environment, Economics, and Politics Examining the Feasibility of Converting New York State's All-Purpose Energy Infrastructure to One Using Wind, Water and Sunlight 2013 Stanford University -Roads and Transportation An Analysis of Land Use Planning and Equity Issues Surrounding Hazardous Liquid and Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines in North Carolina 2011 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill -Housing Impact on Housing in Pennsylvania as a Result of Marcellus Shale 2011 Institute for Public Policy and Economic Development at Wilkes University Potential Social Impacts of Shale Gas Development in North Carolina, The 2012 Duke University, Sanford School of Public Policy -Laws,Politics, and Regulation An Analysis of Land Use Planning and Equity Issues Surrounding Hazardous Liquid and Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines in North Carolina 2011 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill The Environmental, Social, and Economic Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing, Horizontal Drilling. and Acidization in California 2014 Claremont McKenna College School of Environment, Economics, and Politics Examining the Feasibility of Converting New York State's All-Purpose Energy Infrastructure to One Using Wind. Water and Sunlight 2013 Stanford University Wastewater Generation and Disposal from Natural Gas Wells in Pennsylvania 2012. Duke University Chemical and Biological Risk Assessment for Natural Gas Extraction in New York, 2011 State University of New York Natural Cash: How the fracking industry fuels Congress http://crew.3cdn.net/29e185cb94de445559_rom6b5st3.pdf (Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, Nov 2013 -found industry contributions from districts and states home to House and Senate candidates rose over 230 percent between the 2004 and 2012 election cycles (in contrast, industry contributions to candidates from nonfracking districts rose by 131 percent over the same time period)) -Maps Marcellus Center for Outreach and Research: Maps and Graphics Penn State University Hancock and the Marcellus Shale: Visioning the Impacts of Natural Gas Extraction Along the Upper Delaware 2009 Columbia University Design Lab -Health and Environment An Analysis of Land Use Planning and Equity Issues Surrounding Hazardous Liquid and Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines in North Carolina 2011 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Hancock and the Marcellus Shale: Visioning the Impacts of Natural Gas Extraction Along the Upper Delaware 2009 Columbia University Design Lab Total Organic Carbon Variability in The Utica Shale of Northwest Ohio 2012 Ohio State University School of Earth Sciences Methane and Greenhouse-gas footprint of natural gas from shale formations h ttp://www.acsf.cornell.edu/.Assets/ACSF/does/attach ments/Howarth-EtAl-2011.pd f • The Environmental. Social. and Economic Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing. Horizontal Drilling, and Acidization in California 2014 Claremont McKenna College School of Environment, Economics, and Politics Examining the Feasibility of Converting New York State's All-Purpose Energy Infrastructure to One Using Wind, Water and Sunlight 2013 Stanford University Wastewater Generation and Disposal from Natural Gas Wells in Pennsylvania 2012. Duke University Pittsburgh Regional Environmental Threats Analysis 2013 University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health's Center for Healthy Environments and Communities, 2012 UINTAH BASIN WINTER OZONE&AIR QUALITY STUDY http://rd.usu.edu/files/uploads/ubos_2011-12_final_report.pdf(Measured pollution in the Uinta Basin in Utah during the winter of 2011-2012, which indicated that 98 to 99 percent of the volatile organic compoundsand 57 to 61 percent of the nitrogen oxides in the region came from oil and gas operations.) -Technical and Design Aspects An Analysis of Land Use Planning and Equity Issues Surrounding Hazardous Liquid and Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines in North Carolina 2011 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Hancock and the Marcellus Shale: Visioning the Impacts of Natural Gas Extraction Along the Upper Delaware 2009 Columbia University Design Lab Examining the Feasibility of Converting New York State's All-Purpose Energy Infrastructure to One Using Wind, Water and Sunlight 2013 Stanford University Wastewater Generation and Disposal from Natural Gas Wells in Pennsylvania 2012. Duke University